ESTIRJ Volume 7, Issue3  Sept, 2023

Paper 1: SPROCESS SIMULATIONS FOR PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS (SNG) FROM SYNGAS – TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL EVALUATION (1-9)

Abstract: Pakistan is facing sever natural gas shortages and government is focusing on searching for alternatives for this crisis. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) is one sustainable and greener alternative which is produced from solid fuels via gasification process. In the gasification process, solid fuels like coal are heated in gasifier vessels with a small amount of oxygen or air to produce syngas. This syngas is then further processed into finished products, such as vehicle fuels like diesel, DME, and gasoline, as well as various chemicals including fertilizers, hydrogen, petrochemicals, olefins, polymers, and synthetic natural gas (SNG). In present research, a study was conducted to simulate the conversion of syngas (CO+H2) into SNG using Aspen HYSYS and Aspen PLUS simulators. The research involved two parts: firstly, a simplified model was developed in Aspen HYSYS to explore the kinetic behavior of syngas to SNG conversion based on operating parameters like feed flow, temperature, pressure, composition, and TEG feed flowrate. Subsequently, a detailed model was simulated using Aspen PLUS to economically evaluate the entire process. The study highlights the intricate relationship between syngas feed flowrate, SNG production, and its properties. While SNG production exhibited a linear increase with syngas flowrate, the HHV and CH4 mole fraction demonstrated non-linear behavior. The maximum HHV of produced SNG was observed 786219.7 kJ/kgmole at 20 kg/hr syngas feed flowrate. Total capital cost including the cost of gasification and gas cleaning system was estimated 21.47 million US$. Overall, it is concluded that the range of CO/H2 ratio from 0.32 to 0.38 would be ideal to get more than 90% methane in SNG product.

Full Text Download

Paper 2:TRANSIENT TIME ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM WITH LOAD BALANCING TECHNIQUE (10-16)

Abstract:Many investigators have deliberated queueing systems with load balancing. Such systems have prospective applications in sculpting the functioning of production systems, Computer and telecommunication setups with energy saving contrivance based on cyclical observing the queue state (Internet of Things, wireless sensors networks), Load balancing techniques in software defined Cloud Computing, power redeemable systems, wellbeing upkeep systems, etc. Unfortunately, conventional queuing network models are difficult to use in the continuous time transient regime because of the computational burden associated with their analysis. The purpose of this work is to study analytically the transient mode of the load balancing system in discrete time domain. This analysis is of great importance for describing the behavior of this system in a transient mode. Using load balancing technique, we will develop a double threshold model for discrete time system in transient domain. A morkov chain will be constructed from the model and state equations will be obtained analytically from the markov chain. The main motivation of the paper is to find explicit formulae and graphical illustration for queue-size distribution in the considered model in the transient (non-stationary) case.

=

Full Text Download

Paper 3: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PRIORITY QUEUING SYSTEM WITH DUAL SERVICE USING VECTOR DOMAIN METHOD(17-21)

Abstract: : The ever-increasing demand for efficient service delivery has prompted the exploration of novel queuing systems to optimize resource utilization and enhance user experience. This study presents a comprehensive performance analysis of a priority queuing system with dual service, employing the innovative Vector Domain Method (VDM) to investigate its effectiveness in diverse operational scenarios. The priority queuing system is designed to accommodate two distinct service classes, each with specific priorities and service requirements. The system is comprised of a solitary server that possesses a finite queue capacity, along with two thresholds denoted as λ1 and λ2. The queuing system is comprised of two distinct forms of service that are correlated with certain queue criteria. When the size of the queue is less than or equal to S1, the system functions at a rate of simple service. Nevertheless, once the size of the queue surpasses S1, the system transitions to a dual service rate to efficiently alleviate congestion inside the system. The queuing system is characterized by a model with a solitary server. The process of generating the Markov chain and analyzing the flow process of the system include the identification and calculation of the transition matrix, as well as the formulation of equations to describe the starting states. VDM's ability to model complex systems with multiple parameters and classes allows for a more thorough assessment of the queuing system's performance under diverse real-world conditions. This dual service approach aims to enhance system efficiency and reduce waiting times for high-priority customers while maintaining satisfactory service levels for standard-priority customers.

Full Text Download

p>

Paper 4: CONGESTION ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS SYSTEM THROUGH MULTIPLE SERVER SYSTEM (22-27)

Abstract: Queuing theory is a quantitative technique that entails creating mathematical models of many kinds of queuing systems. The evaluation of a server's performance in the areas of computer communications and networking, transportation, and manufacturing relies heavily on the information provided by queueing models with numerous servers. Congestion is a significant impact in many systems and can lead to reduced performance, slowing or blockage, increased delays, and decreased user satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to overcome the congestion of finite capacity continuous system with variable thresholds of storing capacity through variety of server phase type distribution rates. The System model combines the queuing theory and Markov chains to examined congestion in a continuous system using various system thresholds both internally and externally, as well as varied service rates. The proposed model allows for the calculation of key performance including queue length, waiting time, and service rate. The model is then extended to include multiple servers, and various congestion mitigation strategies are evaluated. The multiple server limited queue length phase type approach is best for customers who want to wait less in both the system and the line. Simulation results show that the proposed model and mitigation strategies are effective in reducing congestion and improving system performance. This study provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of systems with continuous service demands and can be used to guide the development of congestion mitigation strategies in real-world systems.

Full Text Download

Paper 5: FASHION IMAGE ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE RESEARCH USING DIFFERENT OPTIMIZERS (28-33)

Abstract: Fashion sector is one of the most important in the world, having a yearly revenue growth rate of 8.4%. Fashion image analysis proves to be more intricate than conventional image analysis due to the considerable diversity in styles, designs, and appearances. These variations frequently add complexity to the tasks of detecting and retrieving clothing items, making them challenging and intricate. One of the performance indicators for this research is accurate clothing detection; nevertheless, technological problems like the accessibility of huge datasets and the amount of time it takes to detect should be considered. The proposed network is a one-stage detector designed for rapid identification of diverse clothing items within the Kaggle (Fashion Product Images Dataset). This suggested network enhances its backbone feature network by employing compound scaling and simultaneously training key input features at varying resolutions. It carefully balances the trade-off between interference time and precision through dedicated networks for bounding box prediction. Furthermore, it achieves efficiency gains by maintaining a low computational cost and a minimal parameter count. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis of diverse optimizers, encompassing Momentum, RMSProp, and Adam, it was determined that the Adam optimizer outperformed the rest, delivering a commendable accuracy rate of 96%. Remarkably, the trained model distinguishes itself by not only detecting single clothing items but also multiple garments within a single image. Furthermore, the model is incredibly lightweight and well-suited for use on low-power devices.

Full Text Download

Paper 6: SPARSE DEEP LEARNING & HYPER SPECTRAL IMAGE CLASSIFICATION (34-39)

Abstract: Hyperspectral imaging plays an important role in remote sensing, providing rich spectral information for land cover classification and environmental monitoring. Nevertheless, the complex nature of hyperspectral data with its high-dimensional characteristics poses substantial computational hurdles. In this research, we introduce an innovative solution to tackle this problem, involving the creation of a sparse deep learning model for hyperspectral image classification. The research focuses on the Indian Pines and Pavia University datasets, two widely used hyperspectral datasets with diverse land cover classes. This research explores how using sparse deep learning models can help with the difficulties of classifying hyperspectral images. The research thoroughly examines experimental results from the Indian Pines and Pavia University datasets. The main goal is to assess how well sparse deep learning techniques perform in classifying hyperspectral images. By introducing a new approach, the proposed sparse deep learning model achieves impressive results, with 91% accuracy on the Indian Pines dataset and 89% accuracy on the Pavia University dataset. This model has the potential to provide accurate and efficient analysis of hyperspectral images for remote sensing applications.

Full Text Download

Paper 7: DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF V-SHAPED VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE (40-45)

Abstract: This paper attempts to propose Design, Fabrication and Testing of V-shaped Vertical Axis Wind Turbine structure with V-shaped blade to improve the power outputs at moderate tip speed ratios through testing at 5.9m/s wind speed. Focusing on torque, power, and turbine behavior, the research examines the impact of tip speed ratio (TSR) on performance. CAD modelling and fabrication were used to create the turbine, which was tested in open atmospheric conditions. Torque analysis reveals decreasing torque at higher tip speed ratios due to increased blade rotation. Torque coefficient also declines with higher wind speeds, with maximum values observed when blades are stationary. Power output peaks at an optimal TSR range, showing operational efficiency. The results indicated that the maximum enhancement in power coefficient obtained in the optimal V-shaped blade was at 2.2 TSR and in addition to the great improvement of the power efficiency, and self-starting characteristics. This research underscores the V-shaped VAWT's potential, emphasizing optimal TSR ranges for efficiency. Future research directions include design optimization. It was finally concluded that the current work could be practically applied to the design and optimization of the VAWT blades

Full Text Download

Paper 8: DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF STRAIGHT BLADEH-DARREIUS VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE (46-50)

Abstract: Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have been recognized as a promising solution to harness wind energy due to their ability to operate effectively in turbulent wind conditions. However, traditional VAWTs have limitations in terms of low efficiency and start-up speeds. There are also limited studies for studying turbine behavior in open atmosphere. To address these challenges, straight-blade H-Darrieus VAWTs have been proposed. In this study, turbine is designed, fabricated and tested in open atmosphere with the aspect ratio of 1:4. To analyze torque and power performance of the straight blade vertical axis wind turbine for (5.7 m/s) wind speed at different tip speed ratios i.e 1.4-2.6 were tested. The Anemometer is used to measure wind speed and simple torque measuring mechanism also introduced to measure torque. Study concluded the effect of tip speed ratio for torque and power performance of the turbine. The turbine can be improved further for better performance in open atmosphere by changing some design parameters or by reducing bearing friction.

Full Text Download

Paper 9: DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK TO MANAGE DISPUTES IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR OF PAKISTAN (51-54)

Abstract:The construction industry is vital for economic growth and infrastructure development in Pakistan, yet disputes within this sector hinder progress and jeopardize project success. This research aims to address this issue by comprehensively understanding the dynamics of construction disputes and developing an effective framework for their management. By analyzing literature, industry expert insights, and survey data. This research contributes valuable insights into dispute prevention, mitigation, and resolution, fostering cooperation and efficient conflict resolution in the Pakistani construction landscape.

Full Text Download

Paper 10: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OPEN TANDEM QUEUING NETWORK USING VECTOR DOMAIN (55-60)

Abstract:In this paper, we tackle the problem of assessing an open tandem queuing system's flow time, which is sometimes challenging to examine in the conventional scalar domain. We suggest using the vector domain to analyze the flow time of an open tandem queuing network in order to get over this restriction. Additionally, we aim to develop a comprehensive service process chain for the open queueing network, which will provide a clear understanding of the flow of tasks and their completion times within the system. This will make it possible for us to precisely gauge and control network flow time The matrix geometric approach will be employed. to generate analytical equations in the vector domain in order to accomplish these goals. This method has been proven to be effective in analyzing complex queuing systems and provides a better representation of interconnected tasks in tandem. By analyzing the flow time in the vector domain and developing a service process chain, we expect to gain valuable insights into the behavior of open tandem queueing systems. This will have implications for various applications, such as improving the efficiency of service-oriented industries, optimizing resource allocation, and enhancing overall system performance. Overall, this research paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of flow time analysis in open tandem queueing systems. By moving from the scalar to the vector domain and applying the Matrix Geometric method, this study seeks to provide a more comprehensive and accurate analysis of the flow time dynamics and to facilitate the development of effective strategies for optimizing system performance in such complex queuing networks.

Full Text Download

Paper 11:INVERSE NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF STATIC FLUX LINKAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR (61-65)

Abstract:Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are gaining popularity in both AC and DC drives due to their numerous advantages over traditional drive systems. These advantages include a robust design devoid of brushes, having high inertia, and a torque-to-weight ratio that is high, and the absence of rotor windings, all facilitated by a straightforward circuit power converter. SRMs find extensive applications in variable speed and servo drives. However, due to the double saliency structure and the inherent high nonlinearity present in magnetic materials, accurately representing the flux-linkage and static torque characteristics of SRMs presents a significant challenge. This study aims to promote an inverse numerical modeling to reconstruct the data tables and hence the flux linkage for the modeling the static characteristics of SRMs. Specifically, we initiate with the static torque characteristics attained experimentally, which relies on rotor position and phase current, to project a family of simulated flux linkage characteristics. To achieve this, our methodology begins with the utilization of an experimental setup to gather electromagnetic data for SRMs. Subsequently, we employ the inverse numerical integration scheme to construct flux linkage profiles which are then validated through experimental data table of flux linkage for a considered SRM. The results indicate that the proposed model reduces absolute error significantly compared to other state of the art techniques.

Full Text Download

Paper 12: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THRESHOLD BASED DISCRETE TIME QUEUING SYSTEM USING EARLY ARRIVAL SYSTEM (66-71)

Abstract: : Queuing systems are crucial models for numerous practical scenarios where customers arrive, wait for service in a queue, and depart after receiving service. This study explores the dynamics of a threshold-based discrete queuing system with an early arrival system. The building block of the system includes an early arrival rate, a threshold, a service rate, and a few servers. The proposed research examines and evaluates the performance of a queuing system composed of two parallel queues and two series servers. Customers entering the system can opt for one of the two queues in parallel before transiting two consecutive servers in a series before departing the system. Such setup is used in a variety of fields, such as computer networks, customer service centers, and manufacturing processes. This research focuses on the major characteristics of the proposed queuing system, such as the mean number of customers, arrival and service rates, waiting times, flow times, and delays. These parameters offer information on system traffic, efficiency, and overall system performance.

Full Text Download

Paper 13: RANKING OF ENERGY STORAGE FOR WIND ENERGY CORRIDOR OF NOORIABAD USING MULTI CRITERIA DECISION MAKING (72-77)

Abstract: : Making decisions on energy storage requires careful consideration of a variety of technological, environmental, economic, and societal factors. Given the complexity of this decision-making process, it is essential to take into consideration a number of variables that affect the efficiency and viability of energy storage systems. In this study, a set of criteria, sub-criteria, and options relevant to energy storage in the Nooriabad wind energy corridor are successfully prioritized using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a systematic decision-making technique. Four overarching criteria and sixteen sub-criteria make up the assessment framework, which was created to cover the range of factors important in choosing the best energy storage option. An accurate evaluation of the various options was accomplished by a thorough investigation carried out by a panel of experts knowledgeable in specifics of energy storage systems. The Nooriabad wind energy corridor's most advantageous alternative for energy storage, according to the application of the AHP framework, is pumped hydro. This conclusion is supported by a thorough examination of the various criteria, which highlights the special benefits of pumped hydro and its compliance with the demands and features of the Nooriabad wind energy corridor. Pumped hydro is the best option for efficiently capturing and storing the intermittent energy produced by the wind turbines in the Nooriabad region due to its capacity to store large amounts of energy efficiently, along with its established reliability and relatively low operating costs.

Full Text Download